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Anselm's definition of a God starts by saying that God is the greatest being
we
can possibly think of. When Anselm states this, it essentially means that
it is not possible
to think of a being greater than God. Anselm also states
that if God is the greatest thinkable
being, he is referring to the fact
that it would be impossible to imagine or to create in ones
mind someone or
something being better than God. Therefore, it would be impossible to
say
that God only exists in ones mind because it is much greater to exist in reality
than it is
to exist only in ones mind. Anselm then suggests that God has
many attributes which
describe him. Among these being: self-existent, a
necessary being, omnipotent,
omniscient, completely just and timelessly
eternal. After reading the Proslogion by
Anselm, it gave me a greater
understanding of these attributes listed above. Although, they
are all of
equal importance, I feel the most prominent of God=s attributes is the fact that
he is self existent. In essence, that means that God depends on nothing else
for his
existence, he is uncaused. Therefore, his existence is
timelessly-eternal. This means that
God cannot stop existing. On the other
hand, contingent beings (such as ourselves) depend
on something else for
their existence. One example of this is, that as a child we utterly
depended
on our parents for food, clothing, and shelter. Contingent beings therefore can
begin to be or cease to be at anytime. They can, unlike God, be here today
and gone
tomorrow.
Anselm uses the definition of God (the ontological
argument), in which I have
described above, to prove God=s existence. As I
mentioned, Anselm believes that God is
the greatest being we can possibly
think of. He does this by first trying to prove the
opposite of what he
really wants to prove. For example, lets suppose God does not exist in
reality. We then could think of something greater, a being that has all the
same virtuous
characteristics as we think God as having, but also being able
to exist in reality. He then
tries to prove that this supposition leads to a
conclusion which cannot possibly be true.
Then the original God would not
actually be the greatest thinkable being, this new
something else, that
actually exists would be. This new God which actually exists would
then be
able to be seen, heard and touched by the individuals who believe he exists as
the
greatest thinkable being. Nevertheless, it is obviously impossible that
the greatest being we
can think of should not be the greatest being we can
think of. Therefore, the conclusion that
God does not exist must be false.
Anselm then believes that the opposite of this
supposition must then be
true. A perfect God must actually must exist in reality.
Otherwise, God
would not be totally perfect. Existence is perfection. AIt is one thing for
something to exist in a persons thought and quite another for the person to
think that thing
to exist.@ (Anselm Chapter 2) A modern day example of
Anselm=s theory is that if I can
really imagine a perfect girl for me. This
girl would actually exist somewhere in the world.
A girl with all of the
best qualities that I can possibly imagine someone as having. She
would be
everything that I am looking for. According to Anselm=s beliefs, she would most
defiantly exist. AFor if it exists only in the understanding , it can be
thought to exist in
reality as well, which is greater.@ (Anselm p.380
Chap.2)
Anselm uses God=s definition to argue that God cannot be thought not
to exist.
Anselm does this by stating that God cannot even be thought not to
exist, not only is his
existence a fact but his non-existence is completely
impossible. He confirms this by
saying AAnd indeed whatever exists except
you alone can be thought of as not existing. You
alone of all things most
truly exists and thus enjoy existence to the fullest degree of all
things,
because nothing else exists so undoubtedly, and thus everything else enjoys
being in
a lesser degree.@ (Anselm Chapter 3) The nonexistence of all other
beings is possible, but
when it comes to the nonexistence of the most
perfect thinkable being, it is not possible.
The argument for God=s
existence is very similar to the argument that it is impossible for
one to
believe that God does not exist.
After reading Anselm=s ontological
argument, I had a difficult time debating
whether I believed his theories
justified God=s existence. Basically, I came to the
conclusion that Anselm
has not thoroughly proven his theories to be true. Also, after
reading
Gaunilo=s Reply on Behalf of The Fool, it greatly confirmed my doubts and
uncertainties about Anselm=s ontological theories. Gaunilo did a superb job
at dissecting
each of Anselm=s theories, point by point. He did this best by
using strong arguments and
explicit examples. The most powerful example
Gaunilo used to discredit Anselm was the
theory of Athe Lost Island.@ This
example is basically about an island (somewhere in the
ocean) which is said
to be Amore plentifully endowed than even the Isles of the Blessed
with
indescribable abundance of all riches and delights.@ (Anselm p.396) If someone
should tell me such a story, I would find it rather easy to understand what
the story teller
was saying. I could even almost picture what this island
would look like. But if this
storyteller went on to say that this island
actually exists without a doubt, AI would have a
hard time deciding who is
the bigger fool, me if I believe him or him if he thinks he has
proved its
existence@ (Anselm p.396) According to Anselm=s theory, Anselm would most
likely believe that the island exists in reality. But, I tend to agree with
Gaunilo when he says
Ait must be proved to me by some unassailable argument
that this being merely needs to be
thought in order for the understanding to
perceive with complete certainty that it
undoubtedly exists.@ (Anselm p.394)
Furthermore, to get a better understanding of
Anselm=s theories, I believe
the wording needs to be tightened up. When that is done, it
brings out many
contradicting statements within his theory. In which case, Anselm=s
philosophy tends to lose much of its credibility. An example of one of these
contradictions
is when Anselm says Aa being existing in reality is greater
than to exist only in the
understanding. Now if another being exists only in
the understanding, then whatever also
exists in reality is greater than it.
Thus, that which is greater than everything else will be
less than
something, and not greater than everything else. @ (Anselm P.394) I also believe
there are three additional major flaws within Anselm=s theory. The first
being, that
Anselm=s theory states that God is everything to everyone. I
find this hard to believe
because each and every individual has a different
view of how he or she perceives God. I
believe this all starts with Anselm=s
vague definition of God (he is the greatest being we
can possibly think of)
mearly because many different people have many different views of
God.
Within our society there are no two individuals whom are exactly alike.
Therefore,
each unique individual develops his or her own specific beliefs
and perception of God. As
children we are taught religious beliefs through
our families, but we do not necessarily have
to accept nor follow these
beliefs once we get older. Typically, as we grow into adulthood,
we develop
our own beliefs. I believe there are no two individuals who will give God the
same exact attributes and if two different individuals give God opposing
attributes, it is
impossible for God to exist. It would be impossible for
God to be everything to everyone.
For example, one may believe that God is a
forgiving being, while another may believe that
God punishes beings for
doing wrong. By Anselm=s definition, God can=t have both
attributes. A final
problem that I have with Anselm=s philosophy is that he believes that if
you
can imagine something existing then it defiantly does exist. In the book
Anselm=s
critics state Athat someone who does not know the meaning of the
word, who thinks only
of the impression made on his mind by hearing the word
and tries to imagine its meaning.@
(Anselm P. 395) There is no way to use a
word such as God as a being or an existence
because I believe that everyone
has a different definition. I can understand the words
Agreatest possible
being@ but understanding this does not necessarily mean that such a
being
exists. For example, I understand the words Aflying car@, but we all know that
there
are no flying cars. But Anselm argues that AI have the concept of this
being in my mind,
therefore this being exists.@ (Anselm p.395) I believe
that this is where Anselm takes a
giant leap of faith.
In conclusion to
whether Anselm=s definition of God gives actual proof of God=s
existence, I
believe that the only way to believe that God actually exists is by having true
faith in him. Although, Anselm gives many possible reasons for God=s
existence. Most of
these reasons are rather vague and unbelievable.
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