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If one was to take a step back and look at our society as a
whole one
would see that women's rights have changed
dramatically over the last
century. Women are no longer
expected to get married, have children, and
stay at home to
take care of their family. Women have left the home and
entered the work force. There have been many laws passed to
prevent the
discrimination of women and to make sure that
they are treated equally.
Certainly, one can say that there is still a struggle
between the sexes
over the organization of modern society.
Society has indeed embraced a
gender war of sorts through
the ages which has culminated in a outcome that
declares the
male the victor. One example of this is that women are not
allowed to be ordained as priests in the Catholic Church.
As a child, I
attended Catholic schools until high
school. I was instructed by mostly
nuns. I can remember
that when the priest came into the room we would have
to
stand up as a sign of respect towards our faith. As I got
older, I
began to think that nuns are part of the religious
life but we don't have to
treat them with this same respect.
During my catholic education, I was
taught that God created
us in his image and likeness. If this is true, and
as
Christians we believe that Christ is the fullest
manifestation of
God, how can they say that only men image
God? Are women incapable of
revealing God?
A hundred years ago, women had little standing in the
Catholic Church, like in society in general. Women were not
allowed to:
receive communion during their monthly periods
and after giving birth to a
child they needed to be purified
before re-entering a church building. Women
were strictly
forbidden to touch sacred items such as the chalice, the
paten, or the alter linen. They certainly could not
distribute holy
communion. While in church, women need to
have their heads veiled at all
times. Women were also
barred from entering the sanctuary except for
cleaning
purposes, reading Sacred Scripture from the pulpit,
preaching,
singing in a church choir, being alter servers,
becoming full members of
confraternities and organizations
of the laity, and most importantly women
were barred from
receiving Holy Orders.
In our time today with the new
awareness of human
rights and the need to secure equal opportunities to all
the
attitude towards women has begun to change in the Catholic
Church.
Women may now be lectors, alter servers, cantors,
preachers, leaders of
prayer services, ministers of baptism
and of holy communion. But the ban on
ordination remains in
place.
In the first centuries after Christ, women
held
responsible ministries in the Church, including the role of
deacon.
Historical evidence shows that in the eastern parts
of the Catholic Church
women served as deacons until the
ninth century.(Ruether p.121) Since they
became deacons
through full sacramental ordination, identical to that of
male deacons, women did receive Holy Orders which implies
they can also
receive the priesthood.
The Cannon Law 1024 states that only a baptized man
can
validly receive sacred ordination.(Sweeney p.114) In 1977
the
Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith wrote
the "Declaration on
the Question of Admission of Women to
the Ministerial Priesthood" stating
several reasons why the
church does not admit women to priestly
ordination.(Swidler
p.37) Some of these justifications included:
1.
The priest, when he pronounces the words of
consecration, acts in the person
of Christ, taking the
role of Christ, to the point of being his very image.
2. When Christ's role in the Eucharist is to be
expressed sacramentally;
there would not be this
natural resemblance if his minister were a women -
for
Christ was a man and remains a man.(Swidler p.37)
3. Sacramental
signs require a natural resemblance to
what they signify.
Basically
a male priest images Christ, but a female
priest would not. A women, solely
because of her gender,
cannot image Christ in that sacrament.
A few of
reasons that the Catholic Church does not
ordain priest are:
1) Women
were considered inferior beings.
2) Women were considered to be in a state
of
punishment for bringing original sin into the world.
3) Women were
considered unclean because of their
monthly periods.
Conservative
theologians, led by the Congregation for
Doctrine in Rome, maintain that,
while other restrictions
placed on women in the past were due to social
prejudice,
the ban on ordaining women as priests belongs to the
unchangeable Catholic doctrine.(Swidler p.42)
It is one thing to hold
that no individual has the
right to be ordained, quite another to refuse
ordination
because he or she belongs to a particular group, class or
nation.(Greeley p.87) Excluding women because they are
women is an act
of discrimination. What if the Catholic
Church excluded all Chinese, all
Mexicans, all African
Americans? This would be a similar act of
discrimination.
Feminism is doctrine suggesting that women are
systematically disadvantaged in modern society and
advocating equal
opportunities for men and
women.(Greeley p.176) Feminists contend that the
reason why
women are in subservient roles is due to oppression by the
stronger, male sex. Other notions rely on biology
suggesting that
because women physically bear children, they
are destined to raise them.
The concept of symbolic interactionism which sprang
from Mead and
Cooley's models express that organized groups
control the behavior of their
members by serving as a
generalization which constitutes a core element of
the
self.(Bartusch p.145) Symbolic interactionism suggests that
individuals attach particular meanings to events. Thus, one
society may
deem an action abhorrent while in another it is
part of accepted gender
roles. An example being the
Catholic Church.
Sociologists use the term
conflict theory to refer to
any theory that emphasizes the role of conflict
in human
societies.( Conflict Theory is perhaps the most appropriate
as
it does explain inequality as being a form of conflict
between men and
women.
In terms of gender equality, the answer is not black or
white.
From feminism to conflict theory, there are no easy
answers to the problem
of gender inequality.
Is the Catholic Church out of line having their own
beliefs about the roles of women in their institutions?
Ethically and
morally one would most likely agree. But by
law they have the right to their
own beliefs and ways
because church is separated from the state.
Today
there is an urgent need for more priests. If
women could be ordained the
number of the priests would
rise. With this in mind, one would think that
more people
would be fighting for this cause.
If you were to walk into a
Catholic Church this Sunday
you would most likely see a women on the alter.
However
this women would not be weary the fancy vestments standing
behind the alter. Women have come a long way, but until a
women is able
to be ordained as a priest, Catholic Churches
will continue to play on
gender roles.
Although I am not and never will be interested in
becoming
a priest myself, I feel that excluding women from
the priesthood because of
their sex is discriminatory.
Bibliography
Bartusch, D.,
Matsueda, R. "Gender, reflected appraisals,
and labeling a cross-group test
of an interactionst theory
of delinquency." Social Forces (1996).
Greeley, A. (1984). Angry Catholic Women. Illinois: The
Thomas More
Press.
Ruether, R. (1985). Women-Church, Theology and Practice.
New
York: Harper & Row Publishers.
Sweeney, T. (1992). A Church Divided.
NewYork:
Prometheus Books.
Swidler, L. (1977). Women Priest; A
Catholic Commentary on
the Vatican Declaration. New York: Paulist Press.
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